Romansh language

Not to be confused with Romand, which is another term for the Franco-Provençal language.
Romansch
Rumantsch
Spoken in  Switzerland
Region Graubünden
Native speakers 35,100  (2000 Swiss federal census)[1]
Language family
Official status
Official language in  Switzerland
Regulated by No official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-1 rm
ISO 639-2 roh
ISO 639-3 roh
Linguasphere 51-AAA-k
This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters.

Romansh (also spelled Romansch, Rumants(c)h, or Romanche; Romansh: rumantsch/rumauntsch/romontsch; German: Rätoromanisch; Italian: Romancio) is one of the four national languages of Switzerland, along with German, Italian and French. It is one of the Rhaeto-Romance languages, believed to have descended from the Vulgar Latin variety spoken by Roman era occupiers of the region, and, as such, is closely related to French, Occitan and Lombard, as well as other Romance languages to a lesser extent.

As of the 2000 Swiss Census, it is spoken by 35,095[1] residents of the canton of Graubünden (Grisons) as the language of "best command", and 61,815 in the "best command" plus "most spoken" categories.[2] Spoken now by around 0.9% of Switzerland's 7.7 million inhabitants, it is Switzerland's least-used national language in terms of number of speakers.

Contents

Dialects

Romansh is an umbrella term covering a group of closely related dialects spoken in southern Switzerland and all belonging to the Rhaeto-Romance language family. The other members of this language family are spoken in northern Italy. Ladin, to which Romansh is more closely related, is spoken by some 22,550 in the Dolomite mountains of Trentino, South Tyrol and the province of Belluno, and Friulian is spoken by between 550,000 and 595,000 people in northeastern Italy.

The five largest dialects in the Romansh family are:

Puter and Vallader are sometimes referred to as one specific variety known as ladin, as they have retained this word to mean Romansh. However, ladin is primarily associated with the closely related language in Italy's Dolomite mountains also known as Ladin.

As Chur was once the centre of Romansh, Germans once called this language Chur-Wälsch, "foreign speech of Chur". (The word "Welsh" had the same etymon: Walh.) This is a possible origin of the term Kauderwelsch, meaning "gibberish".[3] However, Chur and even its cross-river suburb of Welschdörfli ("little foreign-language-speaking village"), now speak German; Romansh survives only in the upper valleys of the Rhine and the Inn.

Standardisation

Romansh was nationally standardised in 1982 by Zürich-based linguist Heinrich Schmid. The standardised language, called Rumantsch Grischun ("Romansh of Grisons") is promoted by the Lia Rumantscha, the umbrella organization for all Romansh associations.

On the orthographic level, Schmid sought to avoid all "odd-looking" spellings, in order to increase general acceptability of the new idiom and its spelling. Therefore, words with /tɕ/ followed by /a/, /o/, /u/ have <ch> (for example chalanda) as both speakers of Engadin (chalanda) and the Rhine territory (calanda) expect a spelling with <c>. However, <che> and <chi> are pronounced /ke/ and /ki/, <k> being a grapheme deemed unfit for a Romance language such as Romansh; therefore, words with /tɕ/ plus /e/ or /i/ have <tg> (for example tgirar) instead of <ch>. The use of <sch> for both /ʃ/ and /ʒ/, and of <tsch> for /tʃ/ is taken from German, making Romansh spelling a compromise between Romance (Italian, French) and German spelling.

Rumantsch Grischun has been slow to find acceptance in Grisons. The cantonal and national government have adopted it for government texts and since 2003 for schoolbooks, and the local media use it alongside the traditional spelling. But the opposition to what traditionalists consider a "bastard language", lacking the emotional appeal of the older dialects, remains substantial. Many municipalities, who are responsible for choosing the language of instruction in the public schools, continue to use the local spelling. In 2011, a group, Pro Idioms, was founded to lobby for the reintroduction of schoolbooks in the traditional dialects.[4]

Official status in Switzerland

Romansh has been recognised as one of four "national languages" by the Swiss Federal Constitution since 1938. It was also declared an "official language" of the Confederation in 1996, meaning that Romansh speakers may use Romansh for correspondence with the federal government and expect to receive a response in Rumantsch Grischun, because the federal authorities use only the standardised dialect. However, the Constitution specifies that only native Romansh speakers can claim this privilege.[5]

In what the Federal Culture Office itself admits is "more a placatory and symbolic use"[6] of Romansh, the federal authorities occasionally translate some official texts into Romansh. In general, though, demand for Romansh-language services is low because, according to the Federal Culture Office, Romansh speakers may either dislike the official Rumantsch Grischun idiom or prefer to use German in the first place, as most are perfectly bilingual.

On the cantonal level, Romansh is an official language only in the trilingual canton of Graubünden, where the municipalities in turn are free to specify their own official languages.

Literature

See also: Romansh branch of Swiss literature

The emergence of Romansh as a literary language is generally dated to the mid-16th century. The Engadine dialect was first printed as early as 1552 in Jacob Bifrun's Christiauna fuorma, a catechism; a translation of the New Testament followed in 1560.

The first verse of a three verse poem by Peider Lansel (1863–1943), translated by M.E. Maxfield:

MASSA BOD! (TOO SOON!)
O sblacha fluoretta, (O, pale little flow'ret,)
tu vainsch massa bod! (Too soon thou art here!)
amo be suletta (Alone in the wildwood)
at dervasch nil god. (And full of vague fear.)

First printed Romansh Bible

New Testament

Translated by Jachiam Bifrun:

L’g Nuof Sainc Testamaint da nos Signer Jesu Christi / prais our delg latin & our d’oters launguax & huossa da noef mis in Arumaunsch tres Jachiam Bifrun d’Agnedina [cited from Kantonsbibliothek Graubünden, Sig. KBG 1007:A:220], Basel, 1560.

First (surviving) complete Bible. The citation is of a self-described 2nd edition, augmented by Nott da Porta and others on the basis of an earlier, no longer surviving translation by Jacob Anton Vulpius and others going back to at least 1660, when a partial Old Testament was published.

La sacra Biblia : quai ais tuot la Sonchia Scrittüra dal Vegl et Nouf Testamaint cun l’agiunta dall’apocrifa / vert. è stamp. ... in lingua romontscha d’Engiadina bassa tras comün cuost è lavur da Jacobo Antonio Vulpio & Jacob Dorta et ... Men Andrea Wilhelm Rauch, Nuot Nuot Schucan & Men Not Dorta,

Published in Scuol in the Lower Engadine, 1743. [Exemplar located at SILS/E-Biblioteca Engiadinaisa, Kasten. Sign.: BES 22].

Phonology

Consonants

The consonant phonemes of Romansh (Rumantsch Grischun) are set out in the following chart:

  Labial Labio-
dental		 Dental and
alveolar		 Alveolo-
palatal		 Post-
alveolar		 Palatal Velar
Nasal m   n     ɲ ŋ
Plosive p  b   t  d       k  ɡ
Affricate     ts tɕ  dʑ tʃ    
Fricative   f  v s  z   ʃ  ʒ    
Approximant     ɹ     j  
Lateral     l     ʎ  

Vowels

The vowel phonemes of Romansh are shown in the table below:

Monophthongs Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid ɛ ə ɔ
Open a
Diphthongs Closer component
is front		 Closer component
is back
Closing ai au
Opening ie  

Schwa [ə] occurs only in unstressed syllables. Vowel length is predictable:

Lexis

Examples of Common Vocabulary:

English Surselvisch Sutselvisch Surmeirisch Puter Vallader Rumantsch Grischun Latin Nones Italian Lombard French Portuguese Spanish Romanian
gold aur or or or or, aur, ar aur aurum or oro òr or ouro oro aur
hard dir dir deir dür dür dir dūrus dur duro dür dur duro duro dur
eye egl îl îgl ögl ögl egl oculus ocel occhio öcc œil olho ojo ochi
light, easy lev leav lev liger leiv lev levis ligér lieve, leggero legér léger leve, ligeiro leve, ligero lejer
three treis tres treis trais trais trais trēs trei tre trii trois três tres trei
snow neiv nev neiv naiv naiv naiv nivem (acc. of nix) neu neve néf neige neve nieve nea
wheel roda roda roda rouda rouda roda rota rueda ruota röda roue roda rueda roată
cheese caschiel caschiel caschiel chaschöl chaschöl chaschiel caseolus/fōrmāticum formai formaggio furmàcc fromage queijo queso caş
house casa tgeasa tgesa chesa chasa chasa casa ciasa casa cà chez casa casa casă
dog tgaun tgàn tgang chaun chan chaun canis ciagn cane can chien cão perro/can câine
leg comba tgomba tgomma chamma chomma chomma camba/perna giamba gamba gàmba jambe perna pierna picior
hen gaglina gagliegna gagligna gillina giallina giaglina gallīna gialina gallina gaìna poule galinha gallina găină
cat gat giat giat giat giat giat cattus giat gatto gat chat gato gato pisică
all tut tut tot tuot tuot tut tōtus tut tutto tüt tout tudo todo tot
shape fuorma furma furma fuorma fuorma furma fōrma forma forma fùrma forme forma forma formă
I jeu jou ja eau eu jau ego mi io mì je eu yo eu

Writing system

Romansh alphabet

L'alfabet rumantsch

Majuscule Forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)
A B C D E F G H I J L M N O P Q R S T U V X Z
Minuscule Forms (also called lowercase or small letters)
a b c d e f g h i j l m n o p q r s t u v x z
Names
a be tse de e ef ghe ha i jot/i lung el em en o pe ku er es te u ve iks tset

The letters k (ka), w (ve dubel), and y (ipsilon or i grec) are used only in words borrowed from foreign languages, such as: kilogram, ski, kino, kiosc, kilo, kilowat, Washington, western, stewardess, whisky, happy, or hockey.

Because most Romansh-speaking people are familiar with German spelling, Romansh orthography borrows from German: The "sh" sound, for example, is written in the German fashion, "sch" (see "rumantsch"), not "sc" as in Italian, and ö and ü are used.

Pronunciation

Consonants
Orthography IPA Notes
⟨b⟩ [b] Except as below
[p] At the end of a word and before a voiceless consonant
⟨c⟩ [k] Before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩ and consonants
[ts] Before ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩
⟨ch⟩ [tɕ] Before ⟨a⟩ and ⟨o⟩
[k] Before ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩
⟨d⟩ [d] Except as below
[t] At the end of a word and before a voiceless consonant
⟨f⟩ [f]
⟨g⟩ [ɡ] Before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩ and voiced consonants
[dʑ] Before ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩; the ⟨i⟩ is silent in ⟨gia⟩, ⟨gio⟩, and ⟨giu⟩
[k] At the end of a word and before a voiceless consonant
⟨gh⟩ [ɡ] Before ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ (appears nowhere else)
⟨gl⟩ [ɡl] Before ⟨a⟩, ⟨e⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩
[ʎ] Before ⟨i⟩; the ⟨i⟩ is silent in ⟨glia⟩, ⟨glie⟩, ⟨glio⟩, and ⟨gliu⟩
⟨gn⟩ [ɲ]
⟨h⟩ (silent) In most cases; see also ⟨ch⟩, ⟨gh⟩, and ⟨sch⟩
[h] In some interjections and loanwords
⟨j⟩ [j]
⟨k⟩ [k] Occurs only in foreign words
⟨l⟩ [l]
⟨m⟩ [m]
⟨n⟩ [n] Except as below
[ŋ] Before [k] and [ɡ]
⟨p⟩ [p]
⟨qu⟩ [ku̯]
⟨r⟩ [r]
⟨s⟩ [s] Usually at the beginnings of words and after consonants; always in ⟨ss⟩ and always at the end of a word
[z] Usually between vowels; sometimes after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, or ⟨r⟩; sometimes at the beginning of a word
[ʃ] Before a voiceless consonant; at the beginning of a word before ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, or ⟨r⟩
[ʒ] Before a voiced obstruent
⟨sch⟩ [ʃ] In all positions
[ʒ] In all positions except at the end of a word
⟨t⟩ [t]
⟨tg⟩ [tɕ]
⟨tsch⟩ [tʃ]
⟨v⟩ [v] Except as below
[f] At the end of a word and before a voiceless consonant
⟨w⟩ [v] Occurs only in foreign words
⟨x⟩ [ks]
⟨y⟩ (Depends on pronunciation in original language) Occurs only in foreign words
⟨z⟩ [ts]
Vowels
Orthography IPA Notes
⟨a⟩ [a] In stressed syllables
[ɐ] In unstressed syllables
⟨ai⟩ [ai̯]
⟨au⟩ [au̯]
⟨e⟩ [ɛ] In stressed syllables
[ə] In unstressed syllables
⟨i⟩ [i] But see above for ⟨gi⟩ and ⟨gli⟩
⟨ie⟩ [ie̯]
⟨ieu⟩ [i̯ɛu̯]
⟨o⟩ [ɔ]
⟨u⟩ [u]
⟨uai⟩ [u̯ai̯]

Some common expressions

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b "Swiss federal census 2000". http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/infothek/lexikon/bienvenue___login/blank/zugang_lexikon.Document.62669.xls. Retrieved 2010-08-08. 
  2. ^ "Linguistic geography". Lia Rumantscha. Archived from the original on December 3, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071203012932/http://www.liarumantscha.ch/Linguistic_geography.352.0.html?&L=2. 
  3. ^ (German) The article "Kauderwelsch" from the German Wikipedia.
  4. ^ MacNamee, Terence (March 6, 2011). "Romansh speakers rebel against standard language". Swissinfo. http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/culture/Romansh_speakers_rebel_against_standard_language.html?cid=29637410. Retrieved 11 March 2011. 
  5. ^ See art. 4 and 70 of the 1999 Swiss Federal Constitution. On the legal status of Romansh generally, see "Official Romansh still has some way to go". Swissinfo. September 21, 2006. http://www.swissinfo.org/eng/top_news/detail/Official_Romansh_still_has_some_way_to_go.html?siteSect=106&sid=7056834. Retrieved 2006-09-21. 
  6. ^ "Official Romansh still has some way to go". Swissinfo. September 21, 2006. http://www.swissinfo.org/eng/top_news/detail/Official_Romansh_still_has_some_way_to_go.html?siteSect=106&sid=7056834. Retrieved 2008-09-01. 

Literature

Arquint, Jachen Curdin, Vierv Ladin: Grammatica Elementara dal Rumantsch d'Engiadina Bassa. Lia Rumantscha, Coira. 1964.

Billigmeier, Robert H.: A Crisis in Swiss Pluralism: The Romansh and their Relations with German- and Italian Swiss in the Perspective of a Millenium. The Hague: Mouton 1979

External links

Friulian
varieties: Central Friulian · Northern Friulian · South-eastern Friulian · Western Friulian
Ladin
varieties: Maréo/Badiot · Gherdëina · Fascian · Anpezan · Fodom
Romansh
standard language: Rumantsch Grischun · written varieties: Sursilvan · Surmiran · Sutsilvan · Puter · Vallader · non-written varieties: Jauer
Italics indicate extinct languages; bold indicates languages with more than 5 million speakers; languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left.